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These two outcomes together best represent the most direct method of determining urethral function in animal models. EUS EMG assesses urethral neuromuscular function during voiding and/or during LPP measurements 7. LPP is the bladder pressure at which urethral pressure is exceeded, resulting in leakage of urine and thus, is a measure of the closure ability of the urethra. Several different outcomes are utilized to assess SUI in animals, including leak point pressure (LPP) and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography (EMG) 6. Development and optimization of animal models of SUI for preclinical testing of novel therapies are essential to improving treatment options for women.Ī number of animal models of SUI have been developed in recent years, the most common of which is in female rats 5.
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Food and Drug Administration and withdrawal of products from the market, new treatment options are needed. The mainstay of surgery, a mid-urethral sling using polypropylene mesh, is effective but can result in numerous complications 4. Pharmacological treatments are limited and none are approved in the United States. Despite this high prevalence, only a few treatment options, including pessaries, Kegel exercises, injection of bulking agents, and surgery, are available 2, 3. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is prevalent among women, often requiring surgical intervention 1. Either catheterization method could be used for LPP and/or EUS EMG testing in rats. create a functional partial outlet obstruction. Our results suggest that route of catheterization does not alter urethral function, e.g. However, peak EMG firing rate, as well as peak EMG amplitude and EMG amplitude difference between peak and baseline were significantly higher after the first catheter insertion compared to the second insertion, regardless of the catheter method. There was no significant difference in peak bladder pressure between the first and second catheter insertions. There was no significant difference in peak bladder pressure during LPP testing whether measured with a transurethral or suprapubic catheter. LPP and simultaneous external urethral sphincter electromyography (EUS EMG) were recorded in anesthetized female virgin Sprague-Dawley rats in a cross-over design to test the effects of transurethral and suprapubic catheterization. The aim of this cross-over designed experiment was to compare the effects of catheterization methods and order on leak point pressure (LPP) testing. PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for updated systematic reviews which included searches of databases, registers and other sourcesįlow diagrams can also be generated using a Shiny App available at įor more information about citing and using PRISMA click here.Transurethral and suprapubic catheterization have both been used to test urethral function in rats however, it is unknown whether these methods affect urethral function or if the order of catheterization affects the results. PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for updated systematic reviews which included searches of databases and registers only PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews which included searches of databases, registers and other sources PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews which included searches of databases and registers only Different templates are available depending on the type of review (new or updated) and sources used to identify studies. It maps out the number of records identified, included and excluded, and the reasons for exclusions. The flow diagram depicts the flow of information through the different phases of a systematic review.